Cognitive flexibility in neurological disorders: cognitive components and event-related potentials. Sci. 8, 591612. Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: a meta-analytic review. Key Terms dissociation: A defense mechanism through which certain thoughts or mental processes are compartmentalized in order to avoid emotional stress to the conscious mind. Reversed item bias: an integrative model. One reason exercise may be beneficial is because it might buffer some of the deleterious physiological mechanisms of stress. Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. B) inhibit learned helplessness. Coping with occupational stress: the role of optimism and coping flexibility. Study 2 estimated the validity of the CFS-R by examining the associations between its three subscales and variables that were conceptually similar to them. Coping with and Managing Stress | Boundless Psychology - Course Hero Bull. Methods: The cross-sectional transversal study was conducted at private, government and semi-government organization from February to October 2016. A., Tomaka, J., and Wiebe, J. S. (2002). Cyberpsychol. Participants were 4,000 Japanese individuals aged 2098 years (mean age 45.31 years, SD = 14.80). A person who must deal with adversity is engaged in coping. C) Rev. Addiction is different for every single person experiencing it. Therefore, all interaction scores were eliminated from this regression model; namely, in Step 2, the perceived controllability score and the scores of the three coping types were entered into the regression model (Table 4). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). According to the transactional model (Lazarus, 1999), coping behavior can change over time and/or in accordance with the demands of a particular stressful situation. Effects of waiting patiently as coping strategy for an interpersonal stressor on depressive symptoms. This was the only alteration in this instrument. Individ. Stress, Coping, and Health - McGraw Hill Education Zero-order correlations with the depression scores at waves 1 and 2 in Study 3 (n = 228, Sample 9). 18, 539546. Source: The Positive Psychology Toolkit (The Coping Strategy Wheels) Techniques and strategies have a focus (e.g., actions, social resources), a coping family that shares the same action tendency (e.g., problem solving, negotiation), and a way of coping (e.g., surrender, emotion regulation).. 5 Strategies for Coping With Stress. Coping Flexibility with Stress in Health and in Disease. Taken together, findings from these and many other studies clearly suggest that perceptions of control and coping abilities are important in managing and coping with the stressors we encounter throughout life. Participants in Sample 2 completed the CFS-R and the 20-item version (Stber et al., 2002) of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR; Paulhus, 1998). In total, we performed three studies involving 6,752 participants. Definition Coping is efforts to prevent or diminish threat, harm, and loss, or to reduce the distress that is often associated with those experiences. Additionally, both abandonment and re-coping were associated with reduced depressive symptoms beyond the effects of typical coping strategies and coping flexibility as measured by other existing approaches. Specifically, it showed an alpha coefficient that differed from those of the other variables, which showed alpha values at acceptable levels. Thus, other people can be very comforting to us when we are faced with a wide range of life stressors, and they can be extremely helpful in our efforts to manage these challenges. Later, when these dogs were given the opportunity to escape the shocks by jumping across a partition, most failed to even try; they seemed to just give up and passively accept any shocks the experimenters chose to administer. Further, higher levels of social supported have been linked to better survival rates following breast cancer (Falagas et al., 2007) and infectious diseases, especially HIV infection (Lee & Rotheram-Borus, 2001). 83, 496507. Pain Pract. Similar to coping repertoire, the effect size between coping variability and psychological stress has been shown to be small (Cheng et al., 2014); r = 0.12 (95% CI [0.24, 0.01], k = 70, N = 9,713). The limitation is that the CFS cannot measure the abandonment-re-coping cycle, which is related to the perseveration on a failed strategy, because it cannot distinguish between abandonment and re-coping processes. Seven different samples were recruited to reduce the likelihood of the following three aspects, all of which are widely known to be recurrent in survey-based research. 13. Problem-focused coping strategies are similar to strategies used in everyday problem-solving: they typically involve identifying the problem, considering possible solutions, weighing the costs and benefits of these solutions, and then selecting an alternative (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Additionally, metacognition was used as a criterion variable for the meta-coping concept; however, it associates with all CFS-R subscales. Results showed that increased sociability was linearly associated with a decreased probability of developing a cold (Cohen, Doyle, Turner, Alper, & Skoner, 2003). A common technique people use to combat stress is exercise (Salmon, 2001). Martin, M. M., and Rubin, R. B. Regulating Stress | Introduction to Psychology - Lumen Learning Dis. Educ. Among cancer survivors, exercise has been shown to reduce anxiety (Speck, Courneya, Masse, Duval, & Schmitz, 2010) and depressive symptoms (Craft, VanIterson, Helenowski, Rademaker, & Courneya, 2012). Perceived control and the general adaptation syndrome help explain the process by which discrimination affects mental and physical health. Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as A) mindfulness meditation. Health 6:e11401. Re-coping is the process of devising and implementing alternative coping strategies that differ from those relinquished in the previous process. Psychol. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. doi: 10.1177/0013164497057006002, Dang, D. L., Zhang, M. X., Leong, K. K., and Wu, A. M. S. (2019). The Japanese version was reported to have high internal consistency ( = 0.86); it was correlated with other self-report measures of flexibility (Kato, 2012). A meta-analysis of all Cronbachs alphas estimated throughout our three studies revealed that the alphas for abandonment, re-coping, and meta-coping scores were 0.87 (95% CI [0.87, 0.88]), 0.92 (95% CI [0.91, 0.92]), and 0.86 (95% CI [0.85, 0.87]), respectively (k = 9, N = 6,752). Development of the coping flexibility scale: evidence for the coping flexibility hypothesis. Unraveling the link between narcissism and psychological health: new evidence from coping flexibility. Assess. The additional instruments applied in each sample are described herein: Sample 4 completed the CFS and Flexible Goal Adjustment Scale (FGA; Brandtstdter and Renner, 1990); Sample 5 completed the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (Martin and Rubin, 1995) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011); Sample 6 completed the Coping Flexibility Questionnaire (COFLEX; Vriezekolk et al., 2012) and Goal Disengagement and Reengagement Scale (GDRS; Wrosch et al., 2003); Sample 7 completed the 19-item version (Harrison and Vallin, 2018) of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI; Schraw and Dennison, 1994) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977); and Sample 8 completed the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg and Williams, 1988). A study performed with a college student sample (Kato, 2012) showed that the Cronbachs alphas for the Japanese version were 0.73 for self-deception and 0.74 for impression management. Biobehav. 1, 385401. All participants received a course credit for their participation. Two Japanese psychologists collated the 12-item scale, both of whom have a doctorate degree; it was then pilot-tested among 10 Japanese college students, whose feedback was used to modify item wording. Netw. 36, 142157. In a study conducted with a college student sample (Kato, 2012), the Japanese version was correlated with indicators of other instruments that are used to measure coping flexibility, which are based on different theoretical backgrounds for the same concept; its alpha coefficient was 0.84. In an application Seligman never proposed, learned helplessness was later used as a methodology in the torture of prisoners by U.S. military and intelligence personnel following the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. The mediating role of metaworry between emotion oriented coping and Self-deception reflects the tendency to provide self-reports that are honest but favorable toward the self-descriptions; impression management refers to the tendency to dissimulate by providing positive self-descriptions. For example, one study (Ajrouch, Reisine, Lim, Sohn, & Ismail, 2010) showed that discrimination predicted high psychological distress among African American mothers living in Detroit. In these kinds of studies, participants are usually asked to perform a stressful task either alone, with a stranger present (who may be either supportive or unsupportive), or with a friend present. Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside indicating that he has been fired from his job. 90, 115. In a certain sense, emotion-focused coping can be thought of as treating the symptoms rather than the actual cause. Effects of flexibility in coping with menstrual pain on depressive symptoms. Kato, T. (2015e). This is because no single strategy is consistently and maximally adaptive (Bonanno and Burton, 2013; Kato, 2015e; Stange et al., 2017). Contemp. The Japanese version (Kato, 2016a) of the AAQ-II (seven-item) was used to measure this variable. doi: 10.1002/smi.2566, Kato, T. (2015b). doi: 10.1521/jscp.2017.36.2.142, Stange, J. P., Alloy, L. B., and Fresco, D. M. (2017). For example, the amplified levels of discrimination faced by Latinx transgender women may have related effects, leading to high stress levels and poor mental and physical health outcomes. Result revealed that an adequate sample size was 78, indicating that each of the samples (ns = 144 to 400), 2 and from 4 to 8, were sufficient. All CFS-R subscales scores were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms scores in both Waves 1 and 2 (Table 3). Coping refers to a variety of methods used to A) receive biofeedback. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? Meas. 194, 261267. Behav. D alleviate stress. (2010). [2] Coping with Stress In a study of more than 500 Swiss police officers and emergency service personnel, increased physical fitness was associated with reduced stress, and regular exercise was reported to protect against stress-related health problems (Gerber, Kellman, Hartman, & Phse, 2010). Tried to distract yourself from the problem (A) 5. In our study, the Cronbachs alpha was 0.82. All participants in Samples 4, 5, 6, and 8 completed the CFS-R and additional instruments; nonetheless, the latter changed between samples. C) prevent the release of lymphocytes. Finally, the CFS-R and our findings may be especially relevant to individuals who are experiencing chronic stress and/or are frequently exposed to various stressors. coping refers to a variety of methods used to. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128307, Kato, T. (2016a). However, it is also important to consider the possibility that social support may lead to better health behaviors, such as a healthy diet, exercising, smoking cessation, and cooperation with medical regimens (Uchino, 2009). Lazarus and Folkman (1984) distinguished two fundamental kinds of coping: problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Thus, the CFS-R and the dual-process theory, which supported the CFH, are insightful perspectives for coping behavior and coping flexibility research; being able to predict individuals stress responses is of primary importance for both the theoretical and practical fields associated with coping behavior. The Coping Circumplex Model: An Integrative Model of the Structure of Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Anxiety Stress Coping 32, 347361. The reliability coefficients of the CFS-R subscales, including testretest reliability coefficients, were at acceptable levels. Effects of flexibility in coping with chronic headaches on depressive symptoms. (2002). However, discrimination tends to be a chronic stressor. 140, 15821607. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.5.1.58, Carver, C. S. (1997). Clin. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000207361.81947.52, Schraw, G., and Dennison, R. S. (1994). The Japanese version (Kato, 2012) of the 20-item BIDR was used to measure this variable. Maladaptive behaviors are actions that prevent people from adapting, adjusting, or participating in different aspects of life. (ed.) For some people, our familiesespecially our parentsare a major source of social support. Emotion regulation flexibility. Moreover, the CFS has two reversed items, which may produce reversed item bias (Weijters et al., 2013). Additionally, richer coping flexibility was associated with lower score changescompared to baseline scoresfor reactivity in heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses when presenting a stressful cognitive task but not a non-stressful task (Kato, 2017a). When potential participants agreed to participate, they were asked to click on another link, which allowed them to view the survey. Coping refers to a variety of methods used to: a. C) prevent the release of cortisol. However, previous studies have provided similar results regarding such failure to support the CFH (see Kato, 2012, 2015e, for reviews). This meta-analysis tested moderators of relations between Big Five personality traits and coping using 2,653 effect sizes drawn from 165 samples . The Brief COPE was developed to measure 14 coping strategies (two items per strategy). Even in nonhuman animals, species mates can offer social support during times of stress. As cogently described in his statement, our reaction to potential stressors depends to a large extent on how much control we feel we have over such things. According to the researchers, the magnitude of the effect of social support observed in this study is comparable with quitting smoking and exceeded many well-known risk factors for mortality, such as obesity and physical inactivity (Figure 14.23). However, the women who had readily available emotional support from friends and family experienced less distress than those with fewer social resources. 70, 710. doi: 10.1023/A:1020641400589, Radloff, L. S. (1977). 11:561731. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561731. The Brief COPE and the perceived controllability were used to estimate coping fitness. [Solved] Coping refers to a variety of methods used to A) avoid the adaptation-level phenomenon. Vriezekolk et al. People can adapt to acculturation in four ways: assimilation, integration, segregation, and marginalization. In some cases, emotion-focused coping strategies involve reappraisal, whereby the stressor is construed differently (and somewhat self-deceptively) without changing its objective level of threat (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Historically, the chronicity perspective (approached by the dual-process theory) related to coping behavior tended not to be considered in conventional coping research, including conventional coping flexibility research; such viewpoints may be useful when trying to evaluate the outcomes of coping when individuals are faced by chronic stress. Goldberg, D. P., and Williams, P. (1988). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. The central function of meta-coping is to determine whether one should repeat the abandonment-re-coping cycle. The impact of coping flexibility on the risk of depressive symptoms. being in a quiet environment with eyes closed, repeating a word or a phrasea mantrato oneself, such as alert mind, calm body,. Cognitive inhibition and emotion regulation in depression. Asking for a single participant to repeatedly rate similar items could increase participation burden, the number of participants that would provide random answers (i.e., not pay attention to the actual question and respond any option), and the number of missing data (e.g., participants being reluctant to answer owing to heightened burnout). alleviate stress. doi: 10.1080/08964289.2019.1708250 [Epub ahead of print]. 95, 16. Seligman also believed that the passivity and lack of initiative these dogs demonstrated was similar to that observed in human depression. [1] It is a way for us to maintain our mental and emotional well-being. 17, 7077. Fortunately, attribution habits can be changed through practice. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, However, some groups (e.g., transgender people) often lack important legal recourse when discrimination occurs. These behaviors can be positive (adaptive) or negative (maladaptive). In our study, the Cronbachs alpha was 0.85. Ther. Discrimination can be conceptualized as an uncontrollable, persistent, and unpredictable stressor. 13, 1538. In fact, a person with high levels of social support is less likely to contract a common cold. Subjective well-being refers to self-perceived happiness. As a result, they give up trying to change the situation and some may become depressed and show lack of initiative in future situations in which they can control the outcomes (Seligman, Maier, & Geer, 1968). Coping refers to a variety of methods used to: B) inhibit learned helplessness. Moreover, the 20-item BIDR has shown good validity in combination with other personality trait measures (Stber et al., 2002). To compare them, researchers may need to change our CFS-R instruction because it refers to daily stress situations, and its object (i.e., stressors) may be unclear for participants. Internet addiction and psychosocial maladjustment: avoidant coping and coping inflexibility as psychological mechanisms. Therefore, our findings need to be interpreted with caution. J. Behav. Rearranged things so your problem could be solved (PS) 3. Res. This long-term accumulation of stress responses can eventually lead to increases in negative emotion and wear on physical health (exhaustion stage). Regulatory flexibility: an individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Receive biofeedback b. sitting upright on a comfortable chair with feet on the ground and body in a relaxed position. To enhance the understanding of this concept, let us make a quick comparison with another similar concept: inhibition, which is the ability to suppress responses. Participants mean coping repertoire score was 10.04 (SD = 1.95), indicating the use of about 10 strategies for one described event. There is little evidence that the program achieved worthwhile results. Coping fitness involves selecting a coping strategy depending on changes in the cognitive appraisal of a stressful situation. Thus, meta-coping is indirectly involved in coping outcomes by adjusting the abandonment-re-coping cycle. When applying the CFS-R in Sample 9, we modified the instructions to rate the items: Participants indicated the extent to which each item applied to them regarding dealing with the most stressful event they had described. Finally, according to the CFH, greater abandonment, re-coping, and meta-coping are hypothetically associated with lower depressive symptoms and general distress. Therefore, Seligman speculated that learned helplessness might be an important cause of depression in humans: Humans who experience negative life events that they believe they are unable to control may become helpless. This 19-item MAI, which consisted of knowledge of cognition (8 items) and regulation of cognition (11 items), was the short version selected from the original version of the MAI, using iterative CFA and multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit models (Harrison and Vallin, 2018). Thence, when psychologically and physically responding to stressors, a richer coping flexibility tends to produce more adaptive outcomes (Lazarus, 1999; Cheng et al., 2014); this understanding is referred to as the coping flexibility hypothesis (CFH; Kato, 2012). Social support appears to work by boosting the immune system, especially among people who are experiencing stress (Uchino, Vaughn, Carlisle, & Birmingham, 2012). However, as described in the Introduction section, the CFH based on the dual-process theory has been supported by studies in multiple countries, with varied ethnic groups, and with multiple types of samplessuch as adult employees (Kato, 2012; Wan Mohd Yunus et al., 2019), individuals with chronic pain (Basiska, 2015; Kato, 2015b, 2017b; Kato et al., 2019), and schizophrenia (Ritsner and Ratner, 2006), community samples (Kato, 2015d, 2016b), and high school students (Basiska, 2015). 39, 263278. This project was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Penley, J. Problem-focused coping aims to eliminate or change the source of your stress, while emotion-focused coping helps you change the way you react to your stressors. The sample comprised of educated adults from various professions working in the twin cities Rawalpindi . Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, refers to techniques that help people change behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that cause problems or distress. For example, a meta-analysis (Kato, 2015c) showed that the Cronbachs alphas for the Brief COPE ranged from 0.55 for venting to 0.91 for substance use (ks = 9 to 18, ns = 5,901 to 7,474). doi: 10.1080/15298860309021, Keywords: coping, coping flexibility, coping flexibility hypothesis, depression, Coping Flexibility Scale, Citation: Kato T (2020) Examination of the Coping Flexibility Hypothesis Using the Coping Flexibility Scale-Revised.
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