Another tool in the policymakers arsenal is interventions targeted more directly at behaviour, such as nudging policies and public pledges to honour the truth (also known as self-nudging) for policymakers and consumers alike12,244,245. Clim. Health Commun. Appl. 11, 119123 (2002). Implic. Does anyone still believe in 'gentle commerce'? | World Economic Forum What Is Attitude in Psychology? Definition, Formation, Changes Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S. & Ecker, U. K. H. Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon. 65, 639659 (2015). 33, 518532 (2021). It's believed that there is a genetic component to depression, and researchers are still trying to understand the genetics involved. Lancet 395, 676 (2020). J. J. Commun. J. Consum. & Basol, M. Inoculation theory in the post-truth era: extant findings and new frontiers for contested science misinformation, and conspiracy theories. Weeks, B. E. Emotions, partisanship, and misperceptions: how anger and anxiety moderate the effect of partisan bias on susceptibility to political misinformation. & Compton, J. Inoculations efficacy with young adults risky behaviors: can inoculation confer cross-protection over related but untreated issues? PLoS ONE 15, e0230360 (2020). Political Commun. 2 Conroe ISD campuses evacuated due to bomb threat not believed to be Misinformation has been identified as a contributor to various contentious events, ranging from elections and referenda5 to political or religious persecution6 and to the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic7. Hum. There is emerging evidence that online corrections can work both pre-emptively and reactively, although this might depend on the type of correction147. Psychol. & Jin, Y. There are some findings that repeating corrections might lead to a tendency to recall false claims as true, especially after a 3-day delay or in older adults (age 70+years)287. 5, 47 (2020). Discrediting in a message board forum: the effects of social support and attacks on expertise and trustworthiness. This research should also employ non-experimental methods230,231,271, such as observational causal inference (research aiming to establish causality in observed real-world data)272, and test the impact of interventions in the real world145,174,181,207. A 63, 3947 (2017). Personal. Rich, J. in Private and Public Lies. USA 114, 1271412719 (2017). Res. Barber, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. 51, 374397 (2014). Wood, T. & Porter, E. The elusive backfire effect: mass attitudes steadfast factual adherence. Health Commun. J. Sci. Psychol. 39, 701723 (2011). Klein, O. et al. More broadly speaking, any intervention to strengthen public trust in science, journalism, and democratic institutions is an intervention against the impacts of misinformation247,248. Mem. 49, 631644 (2021). Conroe ISD received a phoned-in report that bombs were placed in the school. Theoretical accounts of the CIE draw heavily on models of memory in which information is organized in interconnected networks and the availability of information is determined by its level of activation99,100 (Fig. More research is needed on the extent to which different types of misinformation might be associated with differential psychological impacts and barriers for revision, and to establish the extent to which people infer intentionality and how this might affect their processing of the false information. Platform values and democratic elections: how can the law regulate digital disinformation? One instantiation of this selective-retrieval view appeals to a dual-process mechanism, which assumes that retrieval can occur based on an automatic, effortless process signalling information familiarity (I think I have heard this before) or a more strategic, effortful process of recollection that includes contextual detail (I read about this in yesterdays newspaper)108. Finally, it has been suggested that worldview-threatening corrections can be made more palatable by concurrently providing an identity affirmation145,200,201. For example, two non-peer-reviewed preprints have found that COVID-19 misinformation on Fox News was causally associated with reduced adherence to public health measures and a larger number of COVID-19 cases and deaths230,231. Roozenbeek, J. et al. Acerbi, A. Cognitive attraction and online misinformation. If a persons focus is not on information veracity, they might share misinformation for other reasons201. Intelligence 69, 117122 (2018). Evidence for a limited role of correction format when debunking misinformation. Hum. The internet reaches billions of individuals and enables senders to tailor persuasive messages to the specific psychological profiles of individual users11,12. He writes at Cafe Hayak. Ed. Lewandowsky, S. & Yesilada, M. Inoculating against the spread of Islamophobic and radical-Islamist disinformation. However, particular care must be taken to avoid ostracizing people when correcting them online. Prev. For example, a person could be warned that many claims about climate change are false and intentionally misleading. Princ. Infect. Sci. The second element is identifying the techniques used to mislead or the fallacies that underlie the false arguments to refute forthcoming misinformation157,158. Harv. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820969893 (2020). Happiness is a positive emotional sate that is defined individually or subjectively Within the scientific community there is little consensus on the definition of happiness True Which term for well-being is most likely to be used by the media and lay people? Psychol. Rev. Implic. Political Behav. Curr. Attitudes | Introduction to Psychology - Lumen Learning Harv. Dixon, G. N., McKeever, B. W., Holton, A. E., Clarke, C. & Eosco, G. The power of a picture: overcoming scientific misinformation by communicating weight-of-evidence information with visual exemplars. Unkelbach, C. Reversing the truth effect: learning the interpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth. Practitioners must anticipate the misinformation themes and ensure suitable fact-based alternative accounts are available for either prebunking or a quick debunking response. Houston Pets Alive! & Graves, L. Correcting political and consumer misperceptions: the effectiveness and effects of rating scale versus contextual correction formats. Soc. Annu. 8, 704719 (2020). Proc. 69, 298319 (2019). 26, 15311542 (2015). & Geraci, L. Correcting erroneous inferences in memory: the role of source credibility. 65, 619638 (2015). Many Americans Believe Fake News is Sowing Confusion https://www.journalism.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/12/PJ_2016.12.15_fake-news_FINAL.pdf (2016). Psychol. Inf. Eur. B. et al. Emotion can be persuasive because it distracts readers from potentially more diagnostic cues, such as source credibility. Policy Stud. 6, 382388 (2017). Persuasive effects of scientific consensus communication. 6, 52 (2021). Brady, W. J., Gantman, A. P. & Van Bavel, J. J. Attentional capture helps explain why moral and emotional content go viral. Exp. If pre-emptive correction is not possible or ineffective, practitioners should take a reactive approach. It was originally developed in the 1950s and proposed by social psychologists Godfrey Hochbaum, Irwin Rosenstock, and Rosenstock and Kirscht. Direct. 35, 960975 (2021). Policy 2, 8595 (2016). Cogn. Prebunking seeks to help people recognize and resist subsequently encountered misinformation, even if it is novel. Lear. Soc. Cynthia Miranda graduated from UT Austin and is a proud Houstonian. RSD continues to work closely with the Rangers to ensure that all illegal activity is uncovered and stopped. Public. Different strategies for countering misinformation are available to practitioners at different time points. Mem. However, other studies have found debunking to outperform prebunking87,95,142. J. Oper. For example, adding a single moral-emotional word to tweets about contentious political issues such as gun control increases retweets by 20%277. Exp. Law Security Rev. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (Future Fellowship FT190100708). Mosleh, M., Martel, C., Eckles, D. & Rand, D. in Proc. NBER https://www.nber.org/papers/w27237 (2020). A third approach is to undermine the plausibility of the misinformation or the credibility of its source144. on Introduction; L.K.F. Trevors, G., Bohn-Gettler, C. & Kendeou, P. The effects of experimentally induced emotions on revising common vaccine misconceptions. Kennedy Sch. J. Memory Cogn. For example, for online news items, a logo banner specifying the publisher (for example, a reputable media outlet or a dubious web page) has been found not to decrease belief in fake news or increase belief in factual news63. Colour shading is used to show how specific strategies are applied in the example corrections. Public Underst. 47, 155177 (2020). Islam, A. K. M. N., Laato, S., Talukder, S. & Sutinen, E. Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during COVID-19: an affordance and cognitive load perspective. Q. Med. Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A. Integration hastaken place but the myth is represented in memory more strongly, and thus dominates the corrective information in the competition for activation and retrieval. Prejudice occurs when someone holds a negative feeling about a group of people, representing the affective component. 1, 1600008 (2017). In this Review, we describe the cognitive, social and affective factors that lead people to form or endorse misinformed views, and the psychological barriers to knowledge revision after misinformation has been corrected, including theories of continued influence. On the cognitive, motivational, and interpersonal benefits of negative mood. on Interventions to combat misinformation; M.A.A. These studies suggest that to the extent that people pay attention to accuracy, they are likely to share things they genuinely believe. Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist The CIE might be an influential factor in the persistence of beliefs that there is a link between vaccines and autism despite strong evidence discrediting this link96,97 or that weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq in 2003 despite no supporting evidence98. Princ. & Johnson, M. K. Source monitoring 15 years later: what have we learned from fMRI about the neural mechanisms of source memory? BMJ Glob. 9, 286299 (2020). J. Illusory truth can persist months after first exposure44, regardless of cognitive ability45 and despite contradictory advice from an accurate source46 or accurate prior knowledge18,47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1914386, https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2021.1917950, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01232-8, https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211017840, https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2020.1764603, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1870529, https://www.journalism.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/06/PJ_2019.06.05_Misinformation_FINAL-1.pdf, https://www.journalism.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/12/PJ_2016.12.15_fake-news_FINAL.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1941163, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets, Examining the replicability of backfire effects after standalone corrections, Game-based inoculation versus graphic-based inoculation to combat misinformation: a randomized controlled trial, The intentions of information sources can affect what information people think qualifies as true, Cross-stage neural pattern similarity in the hippocampus predicts false memory derived from post-event inaccurate information, A meta-analysis of correction effects in science-relevant misinformation, Cancel For example, misinformation damaging the reputation of a political candidate might spark outrage or contempt, which might promote continued influence of this misinformation (in particular among non-supporters)134. Brulle, R. J., Carmichael, J. Learn. Feeling Is Believing | Psychology Today Reas. The baby girl was born solid brown. Pantazi, M., Kissine, M. & Klein, O. 34, 150153 (2016). Sci. Third, even though credibility matters less for correction sources compared with misinformation sources88, corrections are ideally delivered by or associated with high-credibility sources116,117,118,119,120,186.
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