[324] He then turned to the China and Safari Cluba group of pro-American intelligence agencies including those of Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabiafor support and weapons. [272] According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation". In 1988, the USSR abandoned its war in Afghanistan and began to withdraw its forces. [citation needed]. [201] The Soviets, who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949, established a formal alliance therein, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. [180], United States officials moved to expand this version of containment into Asia, Africa, and Latin America, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR. [491], "Orthodox" accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe. Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief, Muslim guerrillas, aided by the US, China, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan,[379] waged a fierce resistance against the invasion. Instead, Nixon and Kissinger sought to downsize America's global commitments in proportion to its reduced economic, moral and political power. He didnt make the same kinds of mistakes that less-informed chief executives make.. The Jackson-Vanik Amendment, which was attached to the 1974 Trade Act, linked the granting of most-favored-nation to the USSR to the right of persecuted Soviet Jews to emigrate. Most of the elite of media and politics shifted their attitudes to match the values that the Soviets were thought to favor and approve. [110], The term new Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. [400][citation not found], Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement trade union that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later. They maintain that the process by which they were incorporated into the Soviet Union violated both international law and their own law, and that in 19901991 they were reasserting an independence that still legally existed. Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America. The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts, particularly in the former Yugoslavia. Reagan and Gorbachev : How the Cold War Ended | Wilson Center Islamic groups, called Mujahideen, within Afghanistan were nationalists and against the communist ideology. Key factors that brought an end to the Cold War - BBC [351] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote that "China succeeded in exposing the limits of[Soviet] strategic reach" and speculated that the desire to "compensate for their ineffectuality" contributed to the Soviets' decision to intervene in Afghanistan a year later.[352]. The end of the Cold War - Alpha History In some countries, the communist party changed its name and continued to function. Independence was hastily granted to a number of Portuguese colonies, including Angola, where the disintegration of colonial rule was followed by a violent civil war. Michael Mandelbaum (Ed., 1996) "Post-Communism: Four Perspectives", United States involvement in regime change during the Cold War, opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, execution of the former Emperor and his family, Russian People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region, invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural, People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949, United Nations Security Council Resolution 82, an upswing in diplomacy took place in 1959, National Committee of Defense Against Communism, Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia, communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence, Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States, Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement, Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle Partial withdrawal from NATO in 1966, Escalating the scale of American intervention, National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, used border areas of Cambodia as military bases, Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 19801981, Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Gorbachev refused to interfere in the internal affairs of the Soviet satellite states, declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory, referendum for the preservation of the USSR, UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council, revivals of the three independent countries, occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, "Where did banana republics get their name? [141][citation not found] Edward Jay Epstein describes that the CIA understood that the KGB used "provocations", or fake defections, as a trick to embarrass Western intelligence and establish Soviet double agents. He struck USSR where it hurt the most, their crumbling economy. [430] Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed cooperative ownership of small businesses and paved the way for foreign investment. [497][pageneeded] The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media, and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War-themed feature films, novels, television and web series, and other media. [103] On 6 September 1946, James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely. [110] Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union. The pause or pauza, as the Soviets called it, made the Gorbachev regime initially uneasy, but ultimately helped solidify the improved relationship, Knott says. Ronald Reagan may have spearheaded the build-up that led to the demise of the Soviet Union, but George H.W. The Allies responded with an economic blockade against the new Russian regime. President Bush's restraint, his unwillingness to "dance on the Wall," so to speak, his reassurance to Gorbachev as superpower-peer, their joint press conference (the first in the history of superpower summitry) all added up to the end of the Cold War. [96] However, when this deadline came, the Soviets remained in Iran under the guise of the Azerbaijan People's Government and Kurdish Republic of Mahabad. The first phase of the Cold War began shortly after the end of World War II in 1945. Khrushchev learned of the project in February 1962,[267] and preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response. . The KMT-controlled territory was now restricted to the island of Taiwan, the nationalist government of which exists to this day. While all three had socialist leanings, the MPLA was the only party with close ties to the Soviet Union. After mediation failed, Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders. Although the U.S. and Soviet Union . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe, Stalin was at an advantage, and the two Western leaders vied for his favors. In the American view, Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals, whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda. [316][317], Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ng nh Dim's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) insurgents opposing it, Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War, but his costly policy weakened the US economy and sparked domestic anti-war protests, which lead to the US withdrawal by 1972. The late Cold War is characterized by a thaw in relations between the US and Soviet Union in the late 1980s, and mostly associated with the figure of Mikhail Gorbachev and his perestroika reforms in the Soviet Union. Following the destruction of the Khmer Rouge, the national reconstruction of Cambodia would be severely hampered, and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack. [501] Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was, what the sources of the conflict were, and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides. There had been many major sources of Cold War tension by the 1980s, including the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War. [332] [60] Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement,[63][64] but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe. [119] Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful CommunistSocialist alliance in the elections of 1948. [13] In December, the Bolsheviks signed an armistice with the Central Powers, though by February 1918, fighting had resumed. [citation needed] In 2013, a KGB-sleeper-agents-living-next-door action drama series, The Americans, set in the early 1980s, was ranked No. [321] Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the IsraeliPalestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Between 1954 and 1961, Eisenhower's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam's pro-Western government against communist efforts to destabilize it. [75] Stalin was reportedly also "outraged" by the dropping of the bombs, calling them a "superbarbarity" and claiming that "the balance has been destroyedThat cannot be." [O][P] South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem's heavy-handed crackdown on Buddhist monks in 1963 led the US to endorse a deadly military coup against Diem. Lesson 1 - The End of the Cold War 4.9 (15 reviews) Which U.S. President boycotted the 1980 Olympics to protest Soviet aggression? Cold War: Definition and Timeline (Video) | HISTORY Most significantly, Che Guevara became Governor of the Central Bank and then Minister of Industries. [277], As a result of the oil crisis, combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as OPEC and the Non-Aligned Movement, less powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower. Hammers and chisels reduced the Berlin Wall to souvenir rocks while Beethovens Ode to Joy blared out over the Brandenburg Gate. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders. [33] By 1933, the American business community, as well as newspaper editors, were calling for diplomatic recognition. [472] The process of decommunization in Ukraine, a neighbouring post-Soviet state, was met with fierce criticism by Russia,[472] who regularly dismisses Soviet war crimes. [125], The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey. [16][17] According to historian Spencer Tucker, the Allies felt, "The treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War. [246], In Cuba, the 26th of July Movement, led by young revolutionaries Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, seized power in the Cuban Revolution on 1 January 1959, toppling President Fulgencio Batista, whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration. [135] Moynihan wrote that the Venona project contained "overwhelming proof of the activities of Soviet spy networks in America, complete with names, dates, places, and deeds. Bush and the End of the Cold War, the cautious Bush resisted the temptation to aggressively exert American influence on events on the other side of the Iron Curtain. How did the Cold War end? [479] Until 21 November 2015, municipal governments had the authority to implement this;[480] if they failed to do so, the Oblasts of Ukraine had until 21 May 2016 to change the names. The Cold War led to the division of Vietnam and Korea and to costly wars in both nations - with millions of casualties - and it exacerbated conflicts throughout the Third World. [119], On 18 November 1956, while addressing Western dignitaries at a reception in Moscow's Polish embassy, Khrushchev infamously declared, "Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar, with the United States the sole remaining superpower. As a result of the Sino-Soviet split, tensions along the ChineseSoviet border reached their peak in 1969, and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time, "On This Day June 16, 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy", "Military Advisors in Vietnam: 1963 | JFK Library", Official Energy Statistics of the US Government, "Country profile: United States of America", Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation, "Bernard Baruch coins term 'Cold War,' April 16, 1947", "How Lenin's Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union", Mennonite Central Committee Photograph Collection, "Why didn't the USSR join Allies in 1939? The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 changed the calculations and Washington now gave full support. The plan's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to the European balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections. In June 1950, after years of mutual hostilities,[G][182][183] Kim Il Sung's North Korean People's Army invaded South Korea at the 38th parallel. [167] Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America's early Cold War strategy, especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means, such as George F. The Korean War lasted from 1950 to 1953. Kennedy also called on cities to construct fallout shelters. They split the defeated nation into four "allied . [368] Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of dtente in the Third World, particularly during political crises in the Middle East, Chile, Ethiopia, and Angola. The Soviet government became more open to negotiations under Gorbachev.. Phillip Holland | Certified Educator Share Cite There were several events that led to the end of the Cold War. They have a larger economy than the Soviet Union. [110], Many emerging nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the EastWest competition. [343], After taking power and distancing himself from the Vietnamese,[344] pro-China Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot killed 1.5 to 2million Cambodians in the killing fields, roughly a quarter of the Cambodian population (an event commonly labelled the Cambodian genocide). For more on how the Cold War started, read this guide . Cold Conflict | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans The Soviet Union had built up a military that consumed as much as 25percent of its gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. The Cold War was a global conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, lasting from 1947 to 1991, over which of the two superpowers would hold economic and ideological sway over the world. [230][231], In British Guiana, the leftist People's Progressive Party (PPP) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain's suspension of the still-dependent nation's constitution. Christian Jennings "Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War", (2017), pp. As nearly all the colonial states underwent decolonization and achieved independence in the period from 1945 to 1960, many became Third World battlefields in the Cold War. [93], In late February 1946, George F. Kennan's "Long Telegram" from Moscow to Washington helped to articulate the US government's increasingly hard line against the Soviets, which would become the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War. [19] Soviet Russia sought to re-conquer all newly independent nations of the former Empire, although their success was limited. [436][citation not found] A second summit was held in October 1986 in Reykjavk, Iceland. Very few people have a perfectly clean slate and so are available to fill the positions that require significant expertise. Gorbachev resigned as general secretary in late August, and soon afterwards, the party's activities were indefinitely suspendedeffectively ending its rule. we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway, and that we were going to disappear. Instead, Engel says, his caution helped carry the world safely through this tumultuous time.. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20,000,000 for relief under the Russian Famine Relief Act of late 1921. [74] One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference, the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This all took place in the year of miracles, 1989; but hardly anyone predicted such an end for Stalins empire, for the division of Europe, or for the Cold War. It also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. [74], Following the war, the United States and the United Kingdom used military forces in Greece and Korea to remove combat governing regimes and forces seen as communist. [139][140], Clandestine atomic spies from the Soviet Union, who infiltrated the Manhattan Project at various points during WWII, played a major role in increasing tensions that led to the Cold War. The war came to an end with a truce between North Korea and South Korea, which kept them divided with a demilitarized zone in between. Glasnost meant transparency and freedom of speech. From 1965 to 1966, with the aid of the United States and other Western governments,[309][310][311][312][313] the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations, and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions. The Pan-European Picnic in August 1989 in Hungary finally started a peaceful movement that the rulers in the Eastern Bloc could not stop. Hoover strongly detested Bolshevism, and felt the American aid would demonstrate the superiority of Western capitalism and thus help contain the spread of communism. [21][22], At its peak, the ARA employed 300 Americans, more than 120,000 Russians and fed 10.5 million people daily. These would become the main bureaucracies for US defense policy in the Cold War. [308], In Indonesia, the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a "New Order". This meant, among other things, the Soviet adaptation spread to the editors of mass media, sparking strong forms of self-control, self-censorship (which included the banning of anti-Soviet books[287][288]) and pro-Soviet attitudes. leading to the Venona project or Venona intercepts, which monitored the communications of Soviet intelligence agents. In May the Hungarians began to open their borders, and started a trickle of East Germans heading west. Because the Soviet Union refused the right of emigration to Jewish refuseniks, the ability of the President to apply most-favored nation trade status to the Soviet Union was restricted. September 6, 1946", 8 Spies Who Leaked Atomic Bomb Intelligence to the Soviets, "Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation', "Secrets of the Teheren Archive (page 2)", "KGB Active Measures - Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies", "The Soviet-Chinese Spy Wars in the 1970s: What KGB Counterintelligence Knew, Part II | Wilson Center". [151] In addition, in accordance with the Marshall Plan, they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the West German economy, including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased. Movements against nuclear weapons testing and for nuclear disarmament took place, with large anti-war protests. Conversely, decommunization in Ukraine started during and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991[475] With the success of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, the Ukrainian government approved laws that outlawed communist symbols. Dtente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the SovietAfghan War in 1979. [181] While Reagan's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States, his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy. In February 1990, Gorbachev agreed with the US-proposed Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and signed it on 12 September 1990, paving the way for the German reunification.
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